Symmetrical dicarboxylic
acids provide good examples of anti-cooperative
ligand binding behavior caused by the repulsive interactions
between the negatively-charged carboxyl groups when both are
ionized on the same molecule. This "negative"
interaction shifts the equilibrium dissociation or association
constants of the carboxyl groups in proportion to the strength
of the electrostatic repulsion between the two carboxylate ions
when the acid is fully desaturated.
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